LED, Tungsten, HMI and Florescent Lights

LED, Tungsten, HMI, and Florescent Light



LED: Light emitting diode, 

Tungsten: Tungsten lighting is a term used by photographers to distinguish from fluorescent lighting or strobe lighting. Tungsten is a type of incandescent lighting using a bulb with a filament made of the metal tungste.

tungsten lamps are produced in two types, having very specific "color temperatures:" type B lamps, the most common, have a color temperature of 3200 degrees Kelvin (3200°K); type A lamps had a color temperature of 3400°K 





HMI: Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide...The lamp operates by creating an electrical arc between two electrodes within the bulb that excites the pressurized mercury vapour and metal halides, and provides very high light output with greater efficiency than incandescent lighting unit.

With HMI bulbs, color temperature varies significantly with lamp age. A new bulb generally will output at a color temperature close to 15,000 K during its first few hours. As the bulb ages, the color temperature reaches its nominal value of around 5600 K or 6000 K. 

Floreescent:  They are generally very soft lights and tend to look great as key lights for interviewing subjects. The biggest problem with this lamp type is that they can't be dimmed by a simple variable resistor dimmer. Since fluorescents work by using bursts of electricity to fluoresce gas inside of a tube, cutting down on the amount of electricity to the fixture will either make the light blink or turn off altogether. 

Temperature	Source
1,700 K	Match flame, low pressure sodium lamps (LPS/SOX)
1,850 K	Candle flame, sunset/sunrise
2,400 K	Standard Incandescent lamps
2,550 K	Soft White Incandescent lamps
2,700 K	"Soft White" compact fluorescent and LED lamps
3,000 K	Warm White compact fluorescent and LED lamps
3,200 K	Studio lamps, photofloods, etc.
3,350 K	Studio "CP" light
4,100–4,150 K	Moonlight[2]
5,000 K	Horizon daylight
5,000 K	Tubular fluorescent lamps or cool white/daylight compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
5,500–6,000 K	Vertical daylight, electronic flash
6,200 K	Xenon short-arc lamp[3]
6,500 K	Daylight, overcast
6,500–9,500 K	LCD or CRT screen
15,000–27,000 K	Clear blue poleward sky

Lights!

Lights!

Power system in New Zealand 240V ac 50Hz @ 10A

Maximum domestic power load 2400watts

Lights:     Redhead: 800w   Blonde:2Kw

Add up wattage for each circuit. must be < 2400w

RCD  -  Residual Current Device, breaks the circuit if there is any electrocution hazard

             One light per one RCD.

Stems - Mount light facing the front leg and extend stems starting with the smallest tube.

Sandbags - Place sandbags on opposite legs as a counterweight

Spot & Flood - Spot the bulb before sparking. Spot is a narrow beam and allows bulb to heat up slower. flood is a wide beam.

Striking - Call "Striking" before turning on bulb. Some cases they close one of the barn doors (shades on side of lamp) to give a gradual warning to people in front of the light.

Gels & Diffusers - CTO: Colour Temperature Orange  CTB: Colour Temperature Blue

Rembrandt effect - center triangle of light under eye

Three Point lighting -   1. Key Light - Primary Light Source

                                       2. Fill Light - Fill in shadows diffuse

                                       3. Backlight - Create halo/rim on shoulder and hair, creates 

Eye line no more than 30° from camera, Key light 30°- 45° tilt down to talent 30°
Fill light opposite side diffused/softer.

Back light on same side of talent as Key light.

Film and animation history

Film and animation history 1905-1915

James Stewart Blackton USA/UK

interviewed Thomas Edison, drew Edison's portrait, got a job as a cameraman and animator with Edison.

Blackton created what is claimed to be the first animation


Emile Cole (france)

Challenge convention, held art for people who couldn't draw.

Cohl took his ideology into animation

also created what is considered the first animated film,

Understood anything can happen in cartoons, laid the path for dysney


Ladislaw Starewicz (Russia)

Famus for making insects into stop motion removing their legs reattaching them with wax to make them pose for annimation



Martin Thorton (UK)

Combination of stop motion and live action

created colour animation


Windsor McCay (USA)

self toght, first classical annimator

realistic use of perspective



Griffith 1908-1913 created 450

Self promotion, know for innovation that was not true.

sense of speed and pacing, used deeper use of close ups cross-cutting use of fade-outs

created different genres, Gangster films, Westerns, Comedy, and Romance

Known as a racist.

Birth of a Nation - Released in 1915 with a running time of 2 and a half hours. Well debated films

Copyright Infringment examples

Examples of copyright infringement cases

Film

The produces of the script for the Matrix sued by  author Thomas Althouse for apparently copying parts of the script.

Warner Brothers, & Thomas Althouse

Judged ruled out case saying there were no similarities.



Music

The nature of the copyright sampled the baseline changing slightly the rhythm (introduction Ice Ice Baby by Vanilla Ice sampled Under Pressure by Queen and David Bowie)

Vanilla Ice and Queen & David Bowie

Settled out of court for an undisclosed amount (probably very large sum of money)


http://www.fairwagelawyers.com/most-famous-music-copyright-infringment.html

Montage

Montage

The Soviet Montage:

Russian revolution 1917, led to formation of soviet union

Civil unrest from corruption

Government was overthrown by Vladimir

High demand for propaganda, introduction of montage

Lev Kuleshov

Studied D.W. Griffiths

Kuleshov effect, using jump cuts between actor and subject - this conveys a different emotion depending on what shot comes before or after. e.g Scene 1. shot: bowl of soup cut to face still expression. expression appears to look hungry. Scene 2. shot of girl in coffin, cut to face, still expression (same shot as scene 1). expression appears to be sad.

Sergei Eisenstein, 

Attended kuleshoves workshops

5 methods of montage

1. Metric - time based e.g. every 3 seconds.

2. Rhythmically -  cutting by the rhythm of action of scene.

3. Tonal: cutting to generate mood.

4. Overtonal: Mix of everything.

5. Intellectual: Kuleshove's original technique.

The Odessa Steps The Battleship Potemkin  

Lack of orientation:  use of fast cuts viewer experiences panic like in situation.

Dziga Vertov,

News cameraman who coined the Keno Eye. Keno eye (Film eye)

realistic, montage.

experiments many editing techniques.

Vsevolod Pudovkin:

Believed that montage was the only technique used to convey emotions and not acting. i.e. context is adds emotion

relational editing, guiding the viewers response. gui

1. Contrast: making the viewer compare two scenes e.g. caveman bone to spaceship viewer compares progression of mankind 

2. Parallelism: jumping in time to show parallels in emotion. e.g. following two characters feet separately but gives the viewer a sense that they have something in common or they will together throughout the film. 

3. Symbolism: symbolic transition e.g. burning match, to sunrise on desert

4. Simultaneity: cutting two scenes same time different location.

5. Leit Motif: A musical score used to emphasize emotion of a particular shot so every time the shot is played the viewer has a certain emotion.

RGB and YUV colourspace

RGB and YUV colourspace

RGB - is the color space, which uses a number for each color. One for red, one for green, and one for blue. This number can be used to describe a precise color in the spectrum. An example of this would be, 8 bits defines 256 color scale, 16 bits defines 65,536 colors, and 24 bit defines 16.7 million colors. If you add the bits together you get the color depth of that image.


RGB can be thought of as three grayscale images (usually referred to as channels) representing the light values of Red, Green and Blue. Combining these three channels of light produces a wide range of visible colors.

YUV - is a color space derived from the PAL television color standard. Y is the luminance channel, U is the blue channel, and V is the red channel. 


RGB graphics are sampled at 4:4:4, but it is not practical to broadcast the much information, particularly when much of it is beyond our ability to perceive. YUV (Y’C B C R) reduces the amount of information required to reproduce an acceptable video image.

http://www.zerocut.com/tech/vid_img.htm

4:4:4 - a group of 8 pixels (4 by 2) the first number is representing the luma value or the brightness the next two numbers are representing the chroma so for a 4:4:4 image each pixel has both a luma value and a chroma value. 

4:2:2 -  all pixels will get a luma value because the human eye is very sensitive to this, but the chroma value will be shared across two pixels. 

4:2:0 the chroma value is shared across 4 pixels in a square...

4:1:1 the chroma value is shared across four pixels horizontally

Interframe and Intra-Frame

Interframe and Intra-Frame 

Intra-Frame - Spacial Compression - .jpeg Image format for each frame minimizing redundancy in each image. Color information reduced in chroma sub-sampling dividing image into 8 pixels called macroblocks and then algorithms within the colors to find redundancy, Each frame is then compressed and the video file size is reduced based on that.

Interframe compression - Temporal compression .MPEG (motion jpeg) video format. Divides frames into macroblocks 8 pixels then each macroblock is given a code to tell the pixels what to do every frame e.g. for a video with a static background the pixels in the macroblocks in the background will stay the same while the macroblocks that will contain color changes or movement will be given instructions what to do. These frames are called P frames and use half as much data as an I frame and double a B frame.

B frames witch are predictions between I and P frames. I frame is the starting frame then the B frames are predictions between the first I frame and the next P frame, The P frame is then used then followed by more B frames predicting based on that P frame and the following I frame... clearly this needs a diagram rather than words to explain. 

This video is a very helpful resource...

New Zealand Film Makers

New Zealand Film Makers

Director Lee Tamahori:

• The Ray Bradbury Theater (3 episodes, 1990–1992)
• Once Were Warriors (1994)
• Mulholland Falls (1996)
• The Edge (1997)
• The Sopranos (episode 3 of the second season, Toodle Fucking-Oo, 2000)
• Along Came a Spider (2001)
• Die Another Day (2002)
• xXx: State of the Union (2005)
• Next (2007)
• The Devil's Double (2011)
• Mahana

D. W. Griffiths.

D. W. Griffiths. 

The Clansman a book that contains ideology that supports the Ku Klux Clan,

The main 'Hero' was the KKK expressed as the one fighting for 'good' of the film is Austin Stoneman a congressman.

The African Slaves were displayed as rebels standing up and fighting against democracy and public peace.

The response was called Within the gates in opposition to the white supremacy.

W. D. Griffiths made another follow up film called Intolerance.

Week With Duncan

Week With Duncan

Week with Duncan

Week With Duncan

Microphones

Microphones

Polaar patterns: a polar pattern is the sensitivity of a microphone around a 360 angle (note is spherical not only 2d) 

The frequency response is the intensity (dB level) the microphone picks up over the frequency range (20Hz to 20kHz) 

(note also that the frequency response also changes according to the polar pattern within the polar pattern different frequency are picked up differently 

Field microphones are generally hyper cardioid microphones/shotgun microphones

Luma, Lumanace

Luma and Luminace

Luminace: The eyes perception of light intensity (optical perception)

Luma: The measurement of the intensity of the monochrome portion of an image. mesured in volts. (electrical signal) 

http://www.slideshare.net/caffscho11/luminace-and-luma

100% Luma value is broadcast safe, cameras capture up to 110% called super-white which is not broadcast safe.

 

Reduction of light can be achieved with a Neutral Density Filter which cuts the amount of light without changing the colors.

Edit Stages

Editing Stages

Logging:

Organizing, Naming, labeling, short descriptions. do it first to make the editing much easier.

1st Assembly Edit: 

Piecing together according to storyboard.

Rough Cut

Determining what should be in or out, inserting possible simple transitions. Macro edit

Fine Cut

Fine editing detail, precision micro editing paying attention to rhythm.

Final Cut

The last final decisions and then picture lock.

Final Final Cut...

Annoy your audio production team...

Ladislaw Starewicz

Film And Animation

1905- 1925

Ladislaw Starewicz (Russia)

The Cameraman's Revenge

Starewicz used embalmed insects, removed there legs and then reattached them using wax frame by frame and created stop motion. In this animation 'The Cameraman's Revenge'
He was very detailed in creating expressions and feelings in the small movements captured in stop-motion. also use of colour tinting in different scenes to add more effect. The story line was very clear in this animation with the use of titles, and small scale set design.

After watching this short film it is clear many hours of work to capture emotion in detailed and subtle movement of insects. You can see that these techniques of subtle body language have been used in many films since.